Hau fan 6 gps tracks6/22/2023 It is important to find a noninvasive test method that can complement or replace renal puncture.ĭKD is divided into five stages according to clinical guidelines. However, the procedure is invasive and sometimes dangerous, and the evaluation process can be biased by human judgment. The “gold standard” for definitive diagnosis of DKD requires kidney biopsy with which an expert renal pathologist makes the diagnosis from histological tissue. Clinically, the diagnosis of DKD is based on the measurement of eGFR, albuminuria and urinary microalbumin creatinine ratio (UACR) along with other clinical features. Therefore, early detection, prevention, and treatment are of great importance for disease management. DKD patients are at significant risk of progression to ESRD and cardiovascular diseases. Among these people, 20% to 40% will progress to DKD, which remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. In 2019, more than 463 million people worldwide were estimated to be living with diabetes, representing 9.3% of the global adult population (20–79 years). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ![]() The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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